⚖️ **The Impossibility of Seizure**
Consider a state that wishes to seize Bitcoin held by an individual who refuses to surrender the private key. The state faces a choice:
• **Compel disclosure**: This requires physical coercion (the “5 wrench attack”). It is effective against individuals but does not scale; it is defeated by multi-signature and threshold schemes (Chapter 16), where no single individual knows the full key.
• **Compute the key**: This requires solving the ECDLP, which costs~ 2^128$ operations — more energy than the state can command.…
— From: The Austrian Case: Praxeology, Property, and Mathematical Hardness
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