Physicist and professor at a school on the north side of Chicago. Black holes, quantum gravity, cosmology. Rocky Top, Tar Heel. Science, dogs, lake photos. Faves are spooky action at a distance, boosts are Lorentz transformations to another inertial frame. Opinions are mine, not my employer’s.
#Physics #BlackHoles #Gravity #SciComm #Dogs Level 14 Prof of Physics, Neutral Good, S:11 I:16 W:15 D:11 C:12 Ch:11, HP: 68, THAC0: 11, Equipment: Vorpal Chalk, Periapt of Tenure, Tweed Jacket (Cursed)
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2024-05-11T15:36:49+02:00 Event JSON
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Last Notes npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees We pack a handful of folks into a tin can loaded with explosives. Their computers are running Windows and the ship's toilet is malfunctioning. We hurl them at a distant rock. Everything about where they are is trying to kill them. And it is sublimely beautiful, one of the greatest things we’ve done as a species. #Artemis https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/116/359/380/868/929/639/original/dae5fe8d8d86a915.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Astronaut, author, professional football player, and STEM educator Leland Melvin was born #OTD in 1964. Here he is in the greatest photo ever produced by the US space program. Image: NASA https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/116/076/250/159/148/216/original/fa318b89eba0f339.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees I cannot stress enough that you should not do this. https://www.theverge.com/ai-artificial-intelligence/857640/openai-launches-chatgpt-health-connect-medical-records npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees This is incredible. An MTV simulator with almost 30,000 videos, organized by decade along with special sections for Headbanger's Ball and Yo! MTV Raps. https://wantmymtv.vercel.app/ npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Accidentally typed “shatbot” instead of “chatbot” and decided to cancel the autocorrect and just let that one escape into the wild. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees I’m not sure what you mean? On my end, each one of these is a reply to the previous post. Does it look different to you, or am I misunderstanding? npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Planck’s hypothesis was in fact a deep statement about the nature of Nature. Electromagnetic adiation of frequency f comes in discrete chunks of energy E=hf. It's not an artifact of a complicated interaction with matter. Nowadays we refer to the proportionality constant h as "Planck's constant." In the SI system it takes the value h=6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ kg*m²/s, or 4.136 x 10⁻¹⁵ eV*s. As far as we can tell, h is a fundamental constant that is hardwired into our Universe. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees This sequence of events was a not uncommon narrative in the transformative years of late 19th and early 20th century physics. It would go something like this: 1. An experimental result doesn’t make sense 2. A physicist proposes a radical solution. 3. The solution seems too weird to be real. Everyone assumes it must be a convenient "trick." 4. Eventually, everyone realizes it wasn't a trick, and reality is in fact weirder than they expected. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Many physicists remained skeptical. But Arthur Compton’s 1923 explanation of X-rays scattering off electrons was near-incontrovertible evidence that quanta were real. https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/115/719/743/995/944/547/original/665d6753b76fe864.jpeg https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/115/719/744/298/073/585/original/489e2bcb82e555b5.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees If so, it was a trick that *worked*. Previous efforts to derive the blackbody emission spectrum using classical physics gave nonsensical results at high frequencies. Replace continuous emission with discrete quanta and things work out perfectly. Evidence for the reality of quanta began with Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905. The proposal that radiation of frequency f exists only in discrete chunks of energy E=hf was the first result of Einstein’s “Miracle Year.” https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/115/719/738/382/035/113/original/46f031467257c2de.png npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Machine learning (umbrella term, I know) is a useful, sometimes transformative tool in the hands of trained researchers who understand how to deploy it and critically assess the results. A chatbot is not useful in the same ways (though underlying technologies may be, in other contexts). npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees This morning, during some chaos, this zipped by on one of my feeds. Maybe it was here? Maybe it was BlueSky? Hard to overstate how much this made my day. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver-engineered_dam_in_the_Czech_Republic https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/115/255/530/352/225/696/original/66aa498b65bfba24.png npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Lolll. Lmao, even. https://futurism.com/mark-zuckerberg-ai-glasses-demo-fails npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees My students are often surprised to learn that LLMs aren’t answering their questions. Rather, an LLM answers the question “what would a reply to this look like?” It’s one of the first things I explain in the “Should I use LLMs?” portion of my syllabus. https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/115/172/552/449/969/927/original/e0ee64a0f9ce9339.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees I just pulled a fraction of really good ones from the six or seven hundred I sorted through. It’s an exquisite collection. They aren’t audiophiles, just music lovers. (To be fair, they always had a great hi-fi.) npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees A few months ago, while visiting family in Tennessee, I started digging through my parents’ substantial vinyl collection. They do not listen to them — the records were just sitting in closets and a spare room, in record crates. I pulled a bunch of records to take back to Chicago. It was quite a haul. https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/115/040/255/738/890/376/original/74b80cea59be5195.jpeg https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/115/040/256/044/164/596/original/fbe79ec2603b46a2.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Yesterday morning I was explaining Ozzy Osbourne to the kids in my daughter’s carpool, doing the whole RIP tour of Black Sabbath and his solo stuff, and one of them nodded solemnly and said “Fly high, metal grandpa.” npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Chicago! There’s aurora! Even through all the light pollution! https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/113/286/490/322/398/326/original/3ee7ff9f3d26d07d.jpeg https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/113/286/490/635/999/845/original/a832d936f67c4117.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees It's not like we (society) talked about this and decided we'd sacrifice ground-based astronomy in exchange for internet access in remote areas. Musk and a few others did this unilaterally. It wasn't to help anyone. They did it to make a profit and consolidate control over critical infrastructure. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees He has near total control over essential infrastructure, he has already used it to interfere in foreign policy, and he is stuck in the same right wing intel radicalization spiral as every gamer gather who ever tried to live out a revenge fantasy. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Letting this guy be in charge of starlink and spacex is a national security risk. He’s radicalized, erratic, and dangerous. Nationalize both companies and boot him. https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/113/145/298/794/782/561/original/956020c776bc1c5b.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees It’s not a free trial if you have to provide a credit card number. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees In Texas, being paid to not mine bitcoin is more profitable than mining bitcoin. This has moved from a simple grift to hostage-taking. https://www.economist.com/united-states/2024/08/27/why-texas-republicans-are-souring-on-crypto npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Look at these beauties. Pulled from my parents’ garage last year, belonged to my grandpa before that. https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/113/005/691/908/007/712/original/76c6ea3079d176e5.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Happy birthday to Henrietta Swan Leavitt, who gave us the means to measure our Universe. Without her discovery there would be one fewer rung on the Cosmic Distance Ladder! Image: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/112/904/864/730/650/286/original/771801dc1ad18c96.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Harlow Shapley, director of the Harvard Observatory, wrote back to inform Mittag-Leffler that Henrietta had passed away. But, he pointed out, didn’t HE really deserve the credit for interpreting her results? As far as I know, Mittag-Leffler ignored Shapely’s distasteful reply. So no one received a Nobel for her revolutionary work. But it did factor into the Physics Prize in 2011, awarded to Perlmutter, Riess, and Schmidt for discovering the accelerating Hubble expansion of the Universe. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Henrietta Swan Leavitt’s work allowed Harlow Shapley to conclude that our Sun is further from the Milky Way’s center than previously thought. Unfortunately, he gave her little credit. The same was true for Edward Pickering, who published many of her findings under his own name. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Cepheid variables were our first standard candles - phenomena that allow us to reliably determine galactic and extragalactic distances. These stars brighten and dim with a regular period that correlates with their maximum brightness. Measure the former and you know the latter. Compare that brightness, inferred from period, with how bright they appear to be, and you how far away they are. Basically, a light bulb looks dimmer from further away. Quantify that and you can judge the distance. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt was born #OTD in 1868. She established the period-luminosity relation for Cepheid variable stars, an essential tool for understanding the scale of our Universe. It's one of the most important results in all of astronomy. Image: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/112/904/815/274/533/004/original/9d34dba16a40d630.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions between adjacent monomer chains in Kevlar make it about five times stronger than steel, by weight. It's used in everything from body armor to airplanes to race cars. I'm a big fan of Kwolek's philosophy of taking time to investigate things thoroughly, even (especially) if they don't work right away or give the expected result. "If things don't work out I don't just throw them out, I struggle over them, to try and see if there's something there." npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees The fellow who ran the spinneret – the solution is forced through a spinneret to make fibers – insisted it would clog the machine. But Kwolek convinced him to give it a try. The result was surprisingly strong. Suspecting a mistake, she tested it several times. Each time, tests on her new fiber indicated that it was roughly ten times stronger than anything else she had made. It was only then that she presented her results to DuPont. They refined the material, and introduced Kevlar in 1971. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Basically, she had a hunch. The solution that would lead to Kevlar was unlike most other polymer solutions, milky and thin rather than clear and viscous. "I think someone who wasn't thinking very much or just wasn't aware or took less interest in it, would have thrown it out." npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Kwolek received her BS in Chem from Margaret Morrison Carnegie College of Carnegie Mellon. After graduating, she went to work for DuPont. She was asked to develop a suitable replacement for steel in radial tires, lightweight but strong, because of an expected gasoline shortage. This was after several people at DuPont turned down the project. Her group began their search in 1964, testing thousands of new polymers. "In the course of that work I made a discovery," she recalled. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Chemist Stephanie Kwolek was born #OTD in 1923. She invented Kevlar, used in high-strength / low-weight applications like body armor and airplane parts. She also invented the Nylon Rope Trick demo! Images: DuPont/Stephanie Kwolek https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/112/881/453/713/332/286/original/073d545d84f6da60.jpeg https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/112/881/453/994/401/635/original/357f126b7cfbb428.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Calculating the fractional frequency shift of the satellite clock compared to the ground clock is a homework problem in GR textbooks. Orbiting at 4.2 Earth radii, SR slows it down by ~ 250 parts in 10¹². The GR effect speeds it up by ~ 697 parts in 10¹². General relativity produces the larger effect, and the orbiting clocks runs ahead of the earthbound clock by around 446 parts in 10¹². That’s an extra 38,500 nanoseconds per day. This is a lot for GPS, which requires really precise timing. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees By 1977, scientists knew that relativity would cause orbiting and ground-based clocks to beat out of sync. Two competing effects are at work. The satellite moves rapidly in its orbit, so time dilation makes it tick more slowly compared to a ground-based clock. But clocks higher up in Earth's gravitational field should tick more rapidly than Earth-bound clocks. Special relativity is trying to slow the satellite clock down relative to the ground, general relativity says it should tick faster. npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Friends, here is a fun little physics story about satellites and relativity. It’s a day late for an #OTD, but please indulge me. The Navigation Technology Satellite 2 (NTS-2) was launched into orbit on June 23, 1977, an early step in establishing the GPS NAVSTAR network. It was the first satellite to carry a Cesium atomic clock into orbit! 🧵 Image: Institute of Navigation https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/112/672/026/953/620/731/original/d89b8a0b204968c9.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees Tom Gauld in yesterday’s Guardian Books. https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/110/407/446/226/867/682/original/76132339c4814755.jpeg npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees In fact, it's sort of a long con initiated by my wife, who was clever enough to spend years writing novels like it's no big deal, leaving the kid to wonder what all the fuss is about. https://www.kellyoconnormcnees.com npub188wrkmlj6ayxlhvy4qjxy8tvzxk053na43fuc23lp8d72d7hqcvqf73emc Robert McNees This is probably the best thing I ever posted on Twitter. The memory is pretty dear to me; I'm sharing it here so it still exists somewhere if that place collapses. https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/110/334/057/997/768/069/original/6b2cc3b4d0844fc6.jpeg